Advanced Word Formation Charts for Advanced Level ESL

Word formation is one of the keys to success for advanced level ESL learners. Advanced level English exams such as the TOEFL, First Certificate CAE and Proficiency use word formation as one of the key testing elements. These word formation charts provide the concept noun, personal noun, adjective and verb forms of key vocabulary listed in alphabetical order. Word Forms Concept noun Personal noun Adjective Verb baking - Baking is a fine thing to do. baker - The baker made some bread. baked - The baked potatoes were very good. bake - Tom baked a cake last night. banking - Banking is responsible for many problems these days. banker - The bankers were corrupt. bankrupt - The man went bankrupt. bank - I need to go to the bank today. belief - He has a firm belief in his innocence. believer - Shes a true believer. believable - Im afraid your story isnt believable. believe - Do you believe me? benevolence - His benevolence helped many people. benefactor - Have you ever had a benefactor? beneficial - Studying is beneficial for many things. benefit - Youll benefit from the settlement. bidding - She did his bidding at their home. bidder - The highest bidder took home the painting. bidden - The bidden document was stolen. bid - I made a bid on the painting. blackmail - Blackmail is a crime. blackmailer - The blackmailer asked for $1 million. blackmailed - The blackmailed man went to the police. blackmail - Im afraid its blackmail. blasphemy - Some people say blasphemy will land you in hell. blasphemer - The blasphemer was banned from the church. blasphemous - His words were considered blasphemous. blaspheme - Dont accuse me of blaspheme! bombardment - The bombardment destroyed the city. bomber - The bomber flew three missions. bombarded - He grew up in a bombarded city. bomb - They dropped the bomb in the meeting. brainwashing - Many people feel they are subject to brainwashing. brainwasher - The brainwasher took his time with the children. brainwashed - Thats crazy! Youve been brainwashed. brainwash - The brainwash was completely effective. broadcasting - Broadcasting has become easy these days. broadcaster - The broadcaster announced the news. broadcast - The broadcast show began at seven. broadcast - The broadcast was scheduled for 8 pm. business - Its business as usual. businessman / business woman - The business woman won the contract. businesslike - Tom is very businesslike. to do business - Lets do some business. calculation - Calculation can get you in trouble. calculator - Use the calculator to do the math. calculated - They were calculated steps. calculate - We calculate well need 100 people. censorship - Censorship is a form of propaganda. censor - The censor check the TV show. censored - That is a heavily censored TV show. censure - We need to censure that show. Its outrageous! challenger - The challenger stepped up to the box. challenged - He was a challenged math student. challenge - He challenges you to a duel. charmer - Hes a real charmer. Be careful! charmed / charming - We had a charming evening. charm - Ill charm him and hell accept our terms. cheerfulness - Cheerfulness is an admirable characteristic. cheerleader - The cheerleader go the crowd fired up. cheerful - I love his cheerful disposition. cheer - Can you cheer me up? I hate my job! childbearing - Childbearing is hard! childcare - The childcare in this country is awful. childlike - Shes very childlike. child - Can you child the project? choreography - Choreography is a beautiful artform. choreographer - The choreographer created a beautiful scene. choreographed - The choreographed scene was magical. choreograph - Tim Peters is going to choreograph the ballet.

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion Essay - 1720 Words

What are the Pros and Cons of Inclusion? The first benefit of inclusion is that it resulted in greater communication skills, greater social competence, and greater developmental skills for special education students who have been part of inclusive settings (Bennet, Deluca, Bruns, 1997). The second benefit of inclusion is that disabled students make more friends in general education settings and interact with their student peers at much higher level (Fryxell Kennedy, 1995). The third benefit is that the cost of inclusion is less over time than teaching the special education students in special education classes alone (Savich, 2008). According to Savich citation, the benefits of inclusion far outweigh the cost. In further support of this finding a major benefit for the societal integration of disable students is that are less segregated and isolated from the general students population. This was agreeable with the goals and objectives of IDEA and No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB was e nacted to ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain high quality education. The problem arises, however, when children with disabilities have to take the same test as students without disabilities. Savich stated that critics argue that this goal is unrealistic, and unfair. Students with disabilities cannot do well on these standardized tests. The results will be lowering of their self esteem, and the greater chance is they will give upShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article President Bush Announced On A Nation At Risk982 Words   |  4 Pagesseparation of special schools from general schools. Hence, the inclusion has come forth as a means of preparing students with handicaps within the least restrictive environment. In the United States, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) authorized that students with disabilities be educated with non-disabled students, thus bringing significant changes within the education sector (Reynolds a nd Fletcher-Janzen 1842). Inclusion describes the pattern of placing students with special needsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Inclusion For Special Education Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I am going to be talking about the pros and cons of inclusion for Special Education children. By definition, Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. Special Education is a topic that is important, even though people may not realize how important it is for the fact that they don’t understand what goes into Special Education for children in schools. â€Å"Negative beliefs many people have about individualsRead MoreTypes Of Learning Disabilities And The Placement Options946 Words   |  4 Pagesteacher, school district representative, the school psychologist, and the child when they turn sixteen. When the IEP is created there is three things the family can consider: inclusion, a resource room, or a self-contained classroom. Not every option is perfect for the child and it may take some time to figure out what will work. After the final IEP is created the parent has to give permission, written or verbal, for the IEP to go into effect. When the IEP is in effect it is important to trackRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Orders1729 Words   |  7 Pagesmainstreamed, they ultimately do not thrive in such settings due to immoral methods and insufficient budgets. In academic settings, disabled students have access to more opportunities and many social advantages. In the article, â€Å"Schools Divided Over ‘Inclusion’, it states that disabled students are more involved in school clubs and friend hangouts, which promotes social growth for them. In particular, a boy named Patrick Borgi, â€Å"who has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair, has been invited to classmates’Read MoreSpecial Education And The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesSpecial Education: The History of Special Education The Pros and Cons of Inclusion What is Special Education? Many of us in our society sometimes are not aware what special education is or what it is about. We don’t typically think about this because sometimes it does not affect our children or us. Special education is a program that is designed to help those who have mentally, socially, and physically and or emotional disability, in which it causes them to have some sort of delay in learningRead More Pros and Cons of Inclusion Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesPros and Cons of Inclusion Inclusion mainstreams physically, mentally, and multiply disabled children into regular classrooms. In the fifties and sixties, disabled children were not allowed in regular classrooms. In 1975 Congress passed the Education of all Handicapped Students Act, now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA mandates that all children, regardless of disability, had the right to free, appropriate education in the least restrictive environment.Read MoreInclusion For Students With Disabilities834 Words   |  4 Pages Inclusion Position Paper Valerie Simmons University of West Alabama SE 506 Dr. Nichols July 1, 2015 Inclusion in the classroom is a widely debated issue in education today. Inclusive education means that students with disabilities are supported in chronologically age appropriate general education classrooms in schools near their home. These students also receive the specialized instruction outlined by their individualized education programs (IEP s) within the context of the coreRead MoreEducationese Power Point1012 Words   |  5 PagesEducationese Inclusion ï‚› Inclusion places a special needs student in a regular education classroom for the full day or part of the day(Webster). ï‚› Inclusion is good in the classroom so the kids can make friends and feel like they are not being left out. Informal assessment ï‚› An informal assessment is assessing a student in a casual atmosphere using checklists, observation, performance and the student may not even know about it(2014). ï‚› An informal assessment helps a teacher understand what level theirRead MoreMainstreaming : The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion Based Education1452 Words   |  6 PagesMainstreaming: The Pros and Cons of Inclusion-Based Education Picture this: a special education student is placed into a general education classroom because of a new bill the district has passed recently. They are forced to adapt to the new, more arduous curriculum that they have never been exposed to before. They have to make new friends, new study habits, new choices. Would you want your child’s education to be jeopardized because a set of impractical politicians think they know what is best for yourRead MoreInclusion Of A Special Education Student1243 Words   |  5 PagesFull Inclusion Paper With the issue of inclusion, there are both pros and cons to each side. There are many different factors that influence the views of inclusion to different groups of people. There are four main groups of people that inclusion have an effect on including: the students with disabilities, regular education students, teachers of regular education students, and the parents of students with disabilities. With each group of people, there are many who are for inclusion and many who

Adult moral reasoning Free Essays

For an intellectual Fowler’s framework could be the next â€Å"big thing† in terms of serious theoretical positions on the formation of morality and moral reasoning and the substance of faith. In a human perspective, Fowler successfully attempted to provide a picture that illustrates and guides both the individual being studied and the observer/scientist via the stages (Berger, 1994). Though these stages are not as explicitly applicable to all persons, like other psychologists such as Erikson and Maslow, Fowler’s important contribution apparently is more than expansion of Kohlberg or Piaget. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult moral reasoning or any similar topic only for you Order Now His own personal journey, lengthy and in-depth research has given him a solid premise to work on (Berger, 1994). My personal journey may probably be described closely in the perspective which is described by Fowler. I don’t have much experience and enough intellectual prowess and scholarship to be in the position to do a thorough critique on the theory and theorist. However, since it is a personal response paper, there is one segment that I can truly say that speaks a lot about who I am and my own journey. For instance, faith and morality are intricately intertwined just as faith, ethics and values are almost synonymous (Berger, 1994). Fowler may be correct to a certain extent in attributing specific concepts which indeed are descriptive of universal experiences (Berger, 1994), and I cannot argue with this theorist on this issue. It is altogether important to me that individuals must come to grips to the effects of personal faith on conduct and decision making process, and such issues as personal priorities. It is when a person decides to commit to what may be attributed as a mystical Being (i.e., in the conception of God) that spells a difference to that person’s worldview or way of life. I would still like to argue with Fowler that he has reduced so much to an intellectual explanation something which cannot be explained since there is a difference (in my perspective and understanding) between mere knowledge of God and real spirituality. I personally don’t like it when intellectuals and philosophers settle to â€Å"study God† or morality and departing from real substantive and life changing faith. Reference: Berger, K. S. (1994). The developing person through the life-span. (3rd ed). Worth. How to cite Adult moral reasoning, Papers

Education Teach Procedures

Question: Give a brief discussion on teaching procedures? Answer: Education is the primary stage of all learnings where the base for life begins at a greater high. There are various classroom procedures which are adapted and implemented in order to teach the students. The educating subjects might be the same however the methods which are adapted and implemented in order to impart the subjects might be different depending on the suitability of the audience like their age groups. In this article I have chosen the elementary school teaching method where the teaching methodologies would be slightly different than the others. In this mode the students have already passed out from their preschool age groups. By this time they would have learnt to recognize things, identify colors, look at pictures and relate to different things. In order to run the sessions in a smooth way I have implemented the positive approach where the students would start with a positive note, would interact with each other, would understand signals, would talk to partners, would be in groups and would participate in all the classroom activities in a big way. The critical aspects which I have covered are the interactive model sessions where the students were grouped into groups, would be given topics like a school, family, picnic, friend where I have started by showing pictures of these aspects and the students would get to recognize them, look at different aspects of those pictures, understand the colours, relate and compare the pictures of others. They were able to understand that a person comes with a family and every person is unique. This type of learning promotes thinking ability and analyzing ability to understand things in a better way. The second aspect which was implemented was by involving in groups be it play and be it discussion all the students were involved in using some type of craft work using instruments like paper, scissors, pen, pencils, craft materials and other things. This also enhances the ability of the students to play and to connect to different things in real life so that a lot of aspects get clearer in their minds and they can evolve into being better individuals when they grow up. This was the main focus of my teaching where I have focused on delivery and developing their skills than anything else. Apart from this managing transitions was another aspect and this topic is quite sensitive when it comes to teaching such small kids where they would not understand the term transition however would transit from one phase to another. These transitions could be starting with coming to school from home at such a tender age, involving in the classroom, participating in the classes, getting used to new set of students around and getting educated in groups where they would have an individual attention when they are at home. All these aspects are sensitive for a smaller child to cope with however they should be trained and their minds should be nurtured in such a way that they get used to the school environment.

5 Adjective Stacks, and How to Level Them

5 Adjective Stacks, and How to Level Them 5 Adjective Stacks, and How to Level Them 5 Adjective Stacks, and How to Level Them By Mark Nichol When a noun stack a precarious pileup of nouns is itself used to modify yet another noun, it is transformed into an adjective stack, which is just as hostile to clarity. The keyword in this case is relax: Shift the anchoring noun to precede the stack, and introduce prepositions as needed. (And insert hyphens to link words in phrasal adjectives). 1. â€Å"The lack of a secure transfer may hamper computer security incident response efforts.† The phrase â€Å"computer security incident response efforts† is just too complex: The formula for a solution is â€Å"The lack of a secure transfer may hamper efforts to respond to computer-security incidents, but â€Å"efforts to respond† is a case of a smothered verb; responses will do: â€Å"The lack of a secure transfer may hamper responses to computer-security incidents.† 2. â€Å"The company has vast experience providing information-systems security-program management support.† This sentence, with a five-word modifying phrase, is a formidable challenge, but just break it down: The noun is support, so relocate that immediately after the verb and follow it with the appropriate preposition. But â€Å"information-systems security-program management† is still unwieldy, so rinse and repeat: After the preposition, insert â€Å"program management† and another preposition, followed by the remaining phrasal adjective â€Å"security program† and the new anchoring noun, security: â€Å"The company has vast experience providing support for program management in information-systems security.† 3. â€Å"The Hong Kong artist revolutionized the Asian toy collectors’ market.† It’s unclear whether the market in question is for collectors of Asian toys or toy collectors who are Asian. Assuming that the former option is correct, when you relocate market to follow the verb, move collectors’ with it, then retain the adjective-noun pairing â€Å"Asian toys†: â€Å"The Hong Kong artist revolutionized the collectors’ market for Asian toys.† 4. â€Å"They met on behalf of the proposed redwood national park idea.† A revision of this sentence involves transforming the adjective proposed to the noun proposal and jettisoning the noun idea in favor of the verb create. However, while the new version â€Å"They met on behalf of the proposal to create a national park in the redwoods† is clearer than the original, it’s too wordy: Try simplifying it to â€Å"They met to discuss creating a national park in the redwoods.† 5. â€Å"Seventy-five-year-old US Supreme Court chief justice William Rehnquist was appointed by Ronald Reagan.† This style of adjective stacking, in which readers wade through a phalanx of descriptive terms to get to a person’s name, is more common in journalism than in other forms of writing, but no matter where it appears, it’s ripe for relaxation. Sometimes it’s appropriate to split the stack: â€Å"Seventy-five-year-old William Rehnquist, chief justice of the Supreme Court, was appointed by Ronald Reagan.† Often, however, it’s best to place the name the anchoring noun first, and let all the other information fall where it may: â€Å"William Rehnquist, 75, chief justice of the Supreme Court, was appointed by Ronald Reagan.† (This treatment of age is according to The Associated Press Stylebook, the guideline of record for American journalism, which generally spells out only numbers below ten. In another context, the subject’s age, spelled out unless it’s 101 or more, might be mentioned in a subsequent sentence or even omitted.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite AdjectivesHow Long Should a Paragraph Be?Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups

A Not Only . . . But Also Quiz

A Not Only . . . But Also Quiz A â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Quiz A â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Quiz By Mark Nichol The following ten sentences, in one way or another, violate the basic rules about â€Å"not only . . . but also† constructions or similar usage. Skillful writers have gotten away with casual deviations from strictly correct usage, but each of the sentences below can and, in my opinion, should be improved. Read this post for a refresher course before correcting these examples, all drawn from raw copy intended for publication, or take a look after you complete the exercise and then scroll down to compare your solutions with mine, located at the bottom of this page. 1. â€Å"These incidents are serious because they damage the credibility not only of the journalists directly involved, but all journalists.† 2. â€Å"But then there is Giacomo Junia, a contender from Chicago who is said not just to have used anchovies but Worcestershire sauce.† 3. â€Å"I saw the ruling as a broad promise, one that not only would open up public schools, but all avenues in America to blacks and to all people of color in the United States.† 4. â€Å"That’s why long-term city planning, not just piecemeal permitting, is not only helpful for the community but for the developers as well.† 5. â€Å"Alcoholism is seen as not only a physical and psychological disease but also a spiritual one.† 6. â€Å"They may not regard these locales as holiday sites, but rather as trustworthy countries in which to obtain the services they need.† 7. â€Å"Chemotherapy affects the ovarian tissues not only through inducing apoptosis of follicles themselves but also damages the adjacent tissue.† 8. â€Å"Not only would this count against the ethical propriety, it would also seem to render even more unlikely the result that the clone child would produce great achievements of benefit to society.† 9. â€Å"This solution could not only save the life of a sibling but also other family members.† 10. â€Å"They feel very empowered not just about learning the history but how they can apply what they learned.† Answers 1. â€Å"These incidents are serious because they damage the credibility not only of the journalists directly involved but also of all journalists.† 2. â€Å"But then there is Giacomo Junia, a contender from Chicago who is said to have used not just anchovies but also Worcestershire sauce.† 3. â€Å"I saw the ruling as a broad promise, one that would open up not only public schools but also all avenues in America to blacks and to all people of color in the United States.† 4. â€Å"That’s why long-term city planning, not just piecemeal permitting, is helpful not only for the community but for the developers as well.† 5. â€Å"Alcoholism is seen not only as a physical and psychological disease but also as a spiritual one.† 6. â€Å"They may regard these locales not as holiday sites but rather as trustworthy countries in which to obtain the services they need.† 7. â€Å"Chemotherapy affects the ovarian tissues not only through inducing apoptosis of follicles themselves but also by damaging the adjacent tissue.† 8. â€Å"This would not only count against the ethical propriety but would also seem to render even more unlikely the result that the clone child would produce great achievements of benefit to society.† 9. â€Å"This solution could save the lives not only of a sibling but also of other family members.† 10. â€Å"They feel very empowered not just about learning the history but also about how they can apply what they learned.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Quiet or Quite?

Research Strategy Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy - Research Paper Example I mean how many grandmothers can you really kill in a year? After nine or ten, doubts about the originality of your lie start to be questioned. With this assignment, let me evaluate the problem. Why is it that I really do get late? Why is it that I cant be a slave to the hands of time? Deep down in my heart, I know it is not that disease that I ever so often get from my dog, so then what is it? Is it just that I am too much of a hippy, a free spirit to bind myself down to certain norms that are expected from you? No it is not that! (Allen 2003) I know for certain that at the end of the day I am usually asking myself this question that where did the day go by? Where do the entire 24 hours go really? So how do we get to the root of the problem? I have decided that the only way that one can get to the root of the problem is by tracing my every step of an average day and then calculating the time wasted (Messmer 2000). Therefore I have decided to make a minute to minute schedule of my entire day, for I think that this would give me a complete and precise analysis of where the day actually goes by. And let me warn you before han d, that the results were astounding. Setting a personal time profile might just be the first step towards achieving what I believe is a success quotient. After this has been done, finding out the effects of this profile is even more important within the related constructs and settings. Discerning what schedule preferences best qualify for the profile are equally important as these dictate the ways and means under which success will be envisioned and eventually envisaged. The schedule revealed that I usually wake up by 7:30 am, a full forty five minutes late than the time I have designated for my alarm clock to ring. This usually means that I exit the out of my house with an air of tantrum and rush, not even recalling half the things that I was suppose to take with me. This means for me that my day is covered with clouds of

1.What role did the industrial revolution play in reshaping recreation Essay

1.What role did the industrial revolution play in reshaping recreation and sports - Essay Example Professional sports men are earning their living from participating in sports. For example, football and athletics are among the highly profitable and commoditized sports. Some sporting activities are costly such as car racing. People from all over the world come together in sports either as spectators or players. It has helped in enhancing interaction between people from various cultural backgrounds. Recreation on the other hand is a practice whereby people engage in activities in which they derive pleasure. It provides an important opportunity for people to engage in activities away from the monotonous day to day engagements. People usually engage in adventurous activities such as visiting parks, mountain climbing or entertainment such as watching sports, dances and creative performances and many other activities that are refreshing. Most of these activities have also become an income source for service providers. For example, entertainment centers charge a price for using the facility, which may be a swimming pool or dance halls. Adventurous activities such as visiting parks are also paid for. Developments in sports have been continuous since the industrial revolution that had a great impact on sports and recreation. This paper is a critique of the role of that the industrial revolution played in reshaping recreation and sports. Before the industrial revolution, sports were not advanced as they are in the contemporary situation. Charles (1998) observes that people remained calm during their free time, drinking ale, dancing and other village based games and sun bathing before the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution brought to a stop the long-standing practices as people began getting involved in industrial activities that were highly demanding. Industries were developed and the calm environment and fresh air were filled with smoke and

Amenorrhea Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amenorrhea - Case Study Example This paper will discuss a case study that involves a 30-year-old female whose has secondary amenorrhea for six months. Prior to being diagnosed with the disorder, she presented with periods of irregular cycles and dysmenorrhea. Thus, the paper will discuss the pathophysiology of the disorder and it possible causes in relation to irregular cycles and dysmenorrhea. Amenorrhea is a menstrual disorder that refers to the absence of menstruation in a woman who had been previously having their normal menstrual cycle. Secondary is used to refer to menstruation that had previously occurred at least for some period but stopped for a period of six months or longer due to some reasons. In order for the woman to be diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea, they must miss their menstrual period for a period of at least three to six months without being pregnant (Heiman, 2009). The most significant contributing factors include the use of birth control pills, certain medications and stress that also have been associated to cause dysmenorrhea (painful cramping) and irregular cycles. The most common reason as to why a woman will miss their period is as a result of pregnancy. However, it should be noted that pregnancy, menopause and breastfeeding are not classified as causes of the disorder. Secondary amenorrhea is not harmful to the patients’ health as it c an be treated effectively in the majority of the cases according to the pathophysiology. Thus, it is important for the health care practitioner to address the underlying condition causing the menstrual disorder to ensure that optimal health of the woman is regained (Klein & Poth, 2013). The hypothalamus is involved in generating the gonadotropin-releasing hormones that are responsible for stimulating the pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropins i.e. the Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle- stimulating hormone into the blood stream. These gonadotropins are important in

The Concept Of Time In Architecture

The Concept Of Time In Architecture Time is a very important factor for the design process of a park. Time ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·, every person apprehends time differently. The issue of time always preoccupies the landscape architects, and regardless their intentions, their design will be surely affected by time, or from natural processes or from human interventions, a park has continuity, whereas in architecture time can be totally excluded. Time is located in landscapes in different ways. We see time in the growing of plants and trees; we see also time in their season changing. The movement of the human through a park also symbolizes time. Time in a space, like an urban park, is like a movie, snapshots showing the movement and the behavior of the people in it, while the light changes gradually. One can see the passage of time in a park through the social, political and cultural changes. For example Victoria Park, the biggest park of East London(1845) ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ after a big demand of the East Londoners because of lack of green spaces in the area and as a way of reducing the big number of annual deaths and diseases at that time, corollary of a industrial and densely populated area. As expected peoples park very quickly had a big impact to the people and became the centre for social and political informal gatherings and talks. In the more recent past and today the park is famous for hosting the biggest music festivals of the city, since the social face of East London has changed dramatically and the area has become quite fashionable.++++ Time as a design tool The designer cannot be fully aware of the future of the park that he designs, the development of a park is affected by time, which time is an instable factor in this process. What a designer should know is that time will tell if the design will be successful and that à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ if it will be loved and enjoyed by people. There is a true difficulty à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ the impact of time. We appreciate time in different ways, so every landscape architect approaches time in his mind and designs in another way and this way of seeing affect sometimes the solutions itself. Some designer make solutions where the park is evolving and changing slowly, whereas some others, want to have direct results and want the park to look like the park in the drawings, that could mean planting big trees and that results more expenses, or even could affect the choice of the trees he will use, instead of using sycamore trees that need time to mature, he could use the fast growing honey locust trees. A landscape architect that his designs were really affected by time was Roberto Burle Marx (Brazil, 1909-1994), he once stated: The garden is always a problem of time. Time completes the idea. Time and its instability became an important framework in his work and an eternal concern throughout his career. He was really à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ of the importance of time in the development of his projects. After completing a project, he never thought of it being over for good and all, this was only the beginning, the starting point, the places he designs seem that they never have an end, someone could say that they are characterized by timelessness. His projects were continually changing through the years, he kept on visiting them and do changes on site (mostly with vegetation), in a point that some of his landscapes ÃŽÂ ´ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ ÃŽÂ ¸Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¶ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± his original plans. He had the habit to do changes on site, without transferring this changes in the old plans, as a result if you visit a park of his only the half of the plants will be recorded. Maintenance is an important framework of time in a park. Is fundamental for its success and for its continuity through time some designers believe. Nofried Pohl considers maintenance very important: I do not like public parks of stature that are created once and for all. That is why I am more and more interested in architectural support for managing the ripening process of public parks. Whereas other designers should be very ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · and let the natural process of a park speak, but this way should be chosen consciously and has to be thought primary during the design process, by choosing for example a grass that looks nice when it grows and the doesnt need cutting often, this result is quite desirable for the eco-parks à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ nowadays that all the landscape design approaches are tuning into a more ecological direction. Time(Present) in Vauxhall Spring Gardens As soon as visiting Vauxhall Spring Gardens I got the impression that the park fluctuates between two worlds, better between two different times. Situated south of River Thames, if u stand in the middle of the park you cant help of noticing two different images of time. On one side of the park next to the river you get the view of literally a metropolis, huge modern buildings hosting companies which hide the horizon line and on the other side of the park a city farm, Saint Peters church dated from 1863, a building of historical importance, a gothic church made from brick and houses with a more traditional colour, architecturally speaking. The one image reflects the future and the other the past. When I look at the modern side of the park is like my inside clock is getting affected, It stresses me, on the other side when I stare the city farm and the Victorian buildings my pulses are reducing. The image of this side of the park is like frozen on time. In a way this contrast is quite i nteresting, cause the future image gives value to the old image and a poeting meaning and dimension to its pure side. The presence of the past Landscapes are changing through time, this is a natural process. Speaking in general this is something that has to be done, we have to evolve, this is the essence of life. What we have to do is to decide what we want to keep from the past if there is anything important that has to be kept. Strict preservation of a place would be a life denial movement. This crucial and very important process of the selection of the past elements has to be made after a very careful analysis and survey, since it seems like forever people were very attached to the past. We have seen that when a place changes suddenly and with a high speed people are getting disorientated and they dont know how to behave, because there is no doubt, that the environment that surround us and we live in, affects us emotionally. Especially when change of landscape comes to a community level its like breaking a link of the continuity of the community itself. Our bonding with the past doesnt come only through familiarity, we w ould also get annoyed by the destruction of a symbolic and historic location, although we are talking about a clearly touristic place that we could have possibly never visit. The survival of these even unknown places makes us feel secure by having this sense of continuity that balances us. Kevin Lynch said that: A portion of the past has been saved as being good , and this promises that the future will so save the present and he continues: We have the sense that we and our works will also reach uninterrupted old age otherwise we would feel lost in a strangers world. Lynch also notices that there are big differences in mood and behavior of groups of people that have a valued past, in which the feel rooted and in a way balanced, and in groups that are living in an isolated present. To return to my previous thoughts, the idea of preserving everything is quite nihilistic or for a designer could mean that he run out of ideas and inspiration. Nietzsche said: Man must have the strength to break up the past. The difficulty of judging and evaluating the past ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ à Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ¿ ÃŽÂ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÂ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ perceives the past. The designers must be able to explain their decisions, so they have fully understand why something has to be saved and they have to wonder about the importance of this past objects and connect them with the past and their meaning of existence towards the future. In every design project the reasons of preserving things may be quite different. In some cases we may decide to save things because they are related with historic persons or events, or because they keep important meanings or symbols for another group, or in most cases a designer gets to keep what he thing as best and important according to his aesthetics and judge, without saying if this is politically correct. For some people, new landscapes and environments are often being seen as escapes from old usual places, even if they are totally new to them without any memories. Future There are different ways of seeing the future. Some people see future as one hour ahead, some see it as one week ahead and some other as one generation ahead. The future may seem something ahead of us that we could either face with optimism and ÃŽÂ ¿Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·, or with fear and concern as a vehicle of time that runs towards without our control. In that case it seems that worrying about the future could deter enjoying living the present. Our future actions may be affected by past experience. It seems that future, present and past are interconnected between them, we all have this idea of shifting times but each of us carries it with different analogies. And of course these analogies have to do with our experiences during the passage of time. If our past has been disappointing or indifferent, we will try to delete this image of the past in the future. And sometimes, if our past has been compulsive and precious with the combination of a dull present, this image will visit our minds more often. Since past and future are present concepts, built in similar ways out of present data and attitudes, their correspondence is no t surprising. Kevin Lynch notices. The past is made of a plethora of experiences, and is brought to our minds by triggers of the present found in our environment. Wanting to create a mental future image, we have to imagine the results of our present actions driven by our emotions. A landscape architect has to query this interconnection of layers of time. In order to see how landscape represents past, present and future we have to look to ourselves and see how are bodies experience time, how time is fitted inside us. We have to find a balance between the time inside us to the outside time. Looking in landscapes we can find an image of time, that could be strengthen depending on the allocation of objects and events in space and time. We experience landscapes inside the framework of space-time. When we design a landscape we want to enrich it with both temporal and spatial qualities. Hence, also a temporal dimension: transporting the past into present, blurring past and present, recreating the past. Vision of landscape has a temporal dimension and thus brings the temporal dimension into the spatial dimension. The landscape perspective foregrounds time. p.3/landscapes of memory and experience

Isolation in The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarlet Letter essays

Isolation in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the New Testament it states that "the wages of sin is death." Though the penalty of sin in The Scarlet Letter is not a termination of life, the evil of isolation can be a physically, morally, and socially tortuous event in Puritan society. Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, are both victims of the cruel isolation from Puritan society on the basis of their sins. Hester wears her sin upon her breast where it stands as a constant reminder of her malfeasance. Shame and isolation strip her of all passion and femininity, leaving her a shell of her former self. Though Arthur's mark of shame is not visible, it is all the more tortuous for its absence. Shame and guilt feed upon Arthur's soul with slow malevolency. Only a combination of death and confession finally release Arthur from his torture.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Hester's ostracism from society and the tortuous nature of her shame, Hester is stripped of all passion and humanity. Since society ...